EUROPE · COUNTRY REFERENCE
Russian Federation
Written and compiled by American Business Capital Group Inc.
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ANNUAL ECONOMIC SNAPSHOT
Population & economic scale
The most recent non-empty observations returned by the World Bank when this snapshot was collected. Read the year on each card: these are annual statistics, not live measurements.
World Bank reporting entity: Russian Federation · 3 of 3 indicators available.
Population
143,513,328
people
observation
Definition, value & source
Total population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship. The values shown are midyear estimates.
Received value: 143513328 people. The main card rounds for readability.
- Collected
- Oct 7, 2026
- Dataset update reported by API
- Jul 13, 2026; separate from the observation year
World Bank indicator ↗ · API record ↗
World Bank, World Development Indicators. CC BY 4.0. Underlying sources: World Population Prospects, United Nations (UN), uri: https://population.un.org/wpp/, publisher: UN Population Division; Statistical databases and publications from national statistical offices, National Statistical Offices (NSOs), uri: https://unstats.un.org/home/nso_sites/, publisher: National Statistical Offices; Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, Eurostat (ESTAT), uri: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database?node_code=earn_ses_monthly, publisher: Eurostat; Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), United Nations (UN), uri: https://unstats.un.org, publisher: UN Statistics Division
GDP
$2.56 trillion
current US$
observation
Definition, value & source
Gross domestic product is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. This indicator is expressed in United States dollars.
Received value: 2561310169358.74 current US$. The main card rounds for readability.
- Collected
- Oct 7, 2026
- Dataset update reported by API
- Jul 13, 2026; separate from the observation year
World Bank indicator ↗ · API record ↗
World Bank, World Development Indicators. CC BY 4.0. Underlying sources: Country official statistics, National Statistical Organizations and/or Central Banks; National Accounts data files, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); Staff estimates, World Bank (WB)
GDP per capita
$17,547
current US$ per person
observation
Definition, value & source
Gross domestic product is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. The core indicator has been divided by the general population to achieve a per capita estimate.This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. This indicator is expressed in United States dollars.
Received value: 17546.609375 current US$ per person. The main card rounds for readability.
- Collected
- Oct 7, 2026
- Dataset update reported by API
- Jul 13, 2026; separate from the observation year
World Bank indicator ↗ · API record ↗
World Bank, World Development Indicators. CC BY 4.0. Underlying sources: Country official statistics, National Statistical Organizations and/or Central Banks; National Accounts data files, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); Staff estimates, World Bank (WB)
GDP and GDP per capita use current US dollars, without an inflation or purchasing-power-parity adjustment. Source years can differ. Missing data is not zero; earlier archive figures below are retained as a separate historical reference.
THE REFERENCE FILE
Russian Federation at a glance
These are historical reference facts from the 2025 World Factbook archive. Each estimate keeps its own period; an archive edition does not make every figure a measurement from that year.
Population
total: 140,134,279 (2025 est.) male: 65,166,555 female: 74,967,724
Area
total : 17,098,242 sq km land: 16,377,742 sq km water: 720,500 sq km
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
$6.089 trillion (2024 est.) $5.835 trillion (2023 est.) $5.607 trillion (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate)
$2.174 trillion (2024 est.) note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate
Real GDP growth rate
4.3% (2024 est.) 4.1% (2023 est.) -1.4% (2022 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
Real GDP per capita
$41,700 (2024 est.) $39,900 (2023 est.) $38,200 (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
6.7% (2021 est.) 3.4% (2020 est.) 4.5% (2019 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices
Unemployment rate
2.6% (2024 est.) 3.1% (2023 est.) 3.9% (2022 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment
Labor force
72.517 million (2024 est.) note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Public debt
18.5% of GDP (2023 est.) note: central government debt as a % of GDP
Budget
revenues: $704.613 billion (2023 est.) expenditures: $635.809 billion (2023 est.) note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Current account balance
$62.287 billion (2024 est.) $49.439 billion (2023 est.) $237.735 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports
$475.277 billion (2024 est.) $465.22 billion (2023 est.) $640.878 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports
$381.45 billion (2024 est.) $379.659 billion (2023 est.) $347.384 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
$597.217 billion (2023 est.) $581.71 billion (2022 est.) $632.242 billion (2021 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Debt - external
$135.301 billion (2022 est.) note: present value of external debt in current US dollars
Electricity access
electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.) electrification - urban areas: 99.1% electrification - rural areas: 100%
Internet users
percent of population: 92% (2023 est.)
THE HISTORICAL REFERENCE LIBRARY
Explore the country in detail
Browse the economy, population, resources and infrastructure. These archived descriptions keep their original wording and dates; they have not been updated to describe current conditions.
32 of 32 sections
Location
North Asia bordering the Arctic Ocean, extending from Eastern Europe (the portion west of the Urals) to the North Pacific Ocean
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Capital
name: Moscow geographic coordinates: 55 45 N, 37 36 E time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: does not observe daylight savings time (DST) time zone note: Russia has 11 time zones, the largest number of contiguous time zones of any country in the world; in 2014, two time zones were added and DST dropped etymology: named after the Moskva River; the origin of the river's name is unclear
2014 source periods; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Economic overview
natural resource-rich Eurasian economy; leading energy exporter to Europe and Asia; decreased oil export reliance; endemic corruption, Ukrainian invasion, and lack of green infrastructure limit investment and have led to sanctions
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Natural resources
wide natural-resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, bauxite, reserves of rare earth elements, timber note: formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Agricultural products
wheat, sugar beets, milk, barley, potatoes, sunflower seeds, maize, soybeans, chicken, pork (2023) note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
2023 source periods; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Industries
complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; defense industries (including radar, missile production, advanced electronic components), shipbuilding; road and rail transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery, tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables, textiles, foodstuffs, handicrafts
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Exports - partners
China 33%, India 17%, Turkey 8%, Kazakhstan 4%, Brazil 3% (2023) note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
2023 source periods; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Exports - commodities
crude petroleum, refined petroleum, natural gas, coal, fertilizers (2023) note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
2023 source periods; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Imports - partners
China 53%, Turkey 5%, Germany 5%, Kazakhstan 5%, Italy 2% (2023) note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
2023 source periods; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Imports - commodities
cars, packaged medicine, broadcasting equipment, garments, plastic products (2023) note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
2023 source periods; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Climate
ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Terrain
broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Land use
agricultural land: 13.2% (2023 est.) arable land: 7.4% (2023 est.) permanent crops: 0.1% (2023 est.) permanent pasture: 5.6% (2023 est.) forest: 50.7% (2023 est.) other: 35.9% (2023 est.)
2023 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Natural hazards
permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula; spring floods and summer/autumn forest fires in Siberia and parts of European Russia volcanism: Kamchatka Peninsula is home to 29 historically active volcanoes, with dozens more in the Kuril Islands; Kliuchevskoi (4,835 m) is Kamchatka's most active volcano; Avachinsky and Koryaksky volcanoes, which pose a threat to the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, have been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Bezymianny, Chikurachki, Ebeko, Gorely, Grozny, Karymsky, Ketoi, Kronotsky, Ksudach, Medvezhia, Mutnovsky, Sarychev Peak, Shiveluch, Tiatia, Tolbachik, and Zheltovsky; see note 2 under "Geography - note"
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Languages
Russian (official) 85.7%, Tatar 3.2%, Chechen 1%, other 10.1% (2010 est.) major-language sample(s): Книга фактов о мире незаменимый источник базовой информации. (Russian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. note: data represent native language spoken
2010 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Religions
Russian Orthodox 15-20%, Muslim 10-15%, other Christian 2% (2006 est.) note: estimates are of practicing worshipers; Russia has large populations of non-practicing believers and non-believers, a legacy of over seven decades of official atheism under Soviet rule; Russia officially recognizes Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Buddhism as the country's traditional religions
2006 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Age structure
0-14 years: 16.5% (male 11,956,284/female 11,313,829) 15-64 years: 65.7% (male 45,007,073/female 47,518,221) 65 years and over: 17.8% (2024 est.) (male 8,533,448/female 16,491,955)
2024 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Urbanization
urban population: 75.3% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
2023, 2020 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Life expectancy at birth
total population: 72.3 years (2024 est.) male: 67.4 years female: 77.4 years
2024 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Literacy
total population: 99.9% (2021 est.) male: 99.9% (2021 est.) female: 99.9% (2021 est.)
2021 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Electricity
installed generating capacity: 301.926 million kW (2023 est.) consumption: 1.011 trillion kWh (2023 est.) exports: 18.66 billion kWh (2023 est.) imports: 2.852 billion kWh (2023 est.) transmission/distribution losses: 97.301 billion kWh (2023 est.)
2023 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Electricity generation sources
fossil fuels: 61.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) nuclear: 19.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) solar: 0.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) wind: 0.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) hydroelectricity: 17.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) biomass and waste: 0.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
2023 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Petroleum
total petroleum production: 10.879 million bbl/day (2023 est.) refined petroleum consumption: 3.863 million bbl/day (2023 est.) crude oil estimated reserves: 80 billion barrels (2021 est.)
2023, 2021 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Natural gas
production: 613.447 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) consumption: 474.448 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) exports: 124.479 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) imports: 5.724 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) proven reserves: 47.805 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)
2023, 2021 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Carbon dioxide emissions
1.844 billion metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from coal and metallurgical coke: 479.311 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from petroleum and other liquids: 453.103 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from consumed natural gas: 912.076 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
2023 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Telephones - mobile cellular
total subscriptions: 270 million (2024 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 186 (2024 est.)
2024 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
total: 35.9 million (2022 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 25 (2022 est.)
2022 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Airports
905 (2025)
2025 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Railways
total: 85,494 km (2019) narrow gauge: 957 km
2019 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Ports
total ports: 67 (2024) large: 4 medium: 5 small: 19 very small: 38 size unknown: 1 ports with oil terminals: 32 key ports: Arkhangels'k, De Kastri, Dudinka, Kaliningrad, Murmansk, Novorossiysk, Sankt-Peterburg, Vladivostok, Vyborg
2024 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
agriculture: 2.7% (2024 est.) industry: 30.7% (2024 est.) services: 57.5% (2024 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
2024 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Remittances
0.1% of GDP (2024 est.) 0.1% of GDP (2023 est.) 0.1% of GDP (2022 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
2024, 2023, 2022 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
CURRENCY OBSERVATIONS
Money & exchange rates
The latest verified daily references are separate from the historical country profile. Values are currency units per US$1.
Russian Ruble
RUB per US$1
Published reference snapshot; its original observation date is preserved.
1 RUB = US$0.01178412
83.54–86.34 RUB per US$1 across the displayed observations. The vertical scale follows this range.
View dated observations
| Observation date | RUB per US$1 |
|---|---|
| Oct 6, 2026 | 84.86 |
| Oct 5, 2026 | 84.01 |
| Oct 4, 2026 | 83.61 |
| Oct 3, 2026 | 83.59 |
| Oct 2, 2026 | 83.54 |
| Oct 1, 2026 | 83.57 |
| Sep 30, 2026 | 84.01 |
| Sep 29, 2026 | 84.41 |
| Sep 28, 2026 | 84.39 |
| Sep 27, 2026 | 84.56 |
| Sep 26, 2026 | 84.62 |
| Sep 25, 2026 | 84.78 |
| Sep 24, 2026 | 84.7 |
| Sep 23, 2026 | 84.24 |
| Sep 22, 2026 | 83.98 |
| Sep 21, 2026 | 84.27 |
| Sep 20, 2026 | 84.39 |
| Sep 19, 2026 | 84.42 |
| Sep 18, 2026 | 84.48 |
| Sep 17, 2026 | 84.4 |
| Sep 16, 2026 | 84.3 |
| Sep 15, 2026 | 84.38 |
| Sep 14, 2026 | 84.31 |
| Sep 13, 2026 | 84.3 |
| Sep 12, 2026 | 84.42 |
| Sep 11, 2026 | 84.42 |
| Sep 10, 2026 | 85.14 |
| Sep 9, 2026 | 85.99 |
| Sep 8, 2026 | 86.34 |
| Sep 7, 2026 | 86.29 |
Daily references are not live execution prices. A check time does not change a source observation date.
CAPITAL MARKETS
Stock exchanges
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Official data & country reports
Research directories have their own coverage. A link is not a claim that every entity has an IMF report or a separate national statistical office.
SOURCES & DATES
Where the facts come from.
Editorial presentation by American Business Capital Group Inc. The organizations and archive links below are the underlying sources.
- Country reference
- CIA World Factbook · 2025 archive
- Archive retrieved
- Oct 6, 2026 · retrieval date, not an observation period
- Currency associations
- SIX / ISO 4217 currency registry ↗
- Rate observations
- Frankfurter / official reference providers ↗ · each observation is dated separately
- State classification
- UN member states ↗ · UN observer states ↗
- UN membership is shown separately from territory and currency coverage; inclusion is not a position on sovereignty or boundaries.
- CIA World Factbook text preserved by World Factbook Archive. Archive edition 2025; individual estimates retain their own dates. These are historical reference facts, not current observations.
About the editions. The CIA announced the end of its online World Factbook on February 4, 2026. Our historical profiles retain the archive editions shown above.
Skyhorse lists The CIA World Factbook 2026–2027, published April 7, 2026 (ISBN 9781510786042). That book’s full text has not been incorporated here; its edition title does not redate the imported archive. Archive distribution license.
Geography is a simplified reference. Displayed boundaries and entity inclusion do not express a position on sovereignty or disputed borders.