EUROPE · COUNTRY REFERENCE
Romania
Written and compiled by American Business Capital Group Inc.
Selected country or entityMap: Natural Earth ↗
ANNUAL ECONOMIC SNAPSHOT
Population & economic scale
The most recent non-empty observations returned by the World Bank when this snapshot was collected. Read the year on each card: these are annual statistics, not live measurements.
World Bank reporting entity: Romania · 3 of 3 indicators available.
Population
19,020,271
people
observation
Definition, value & source
Total population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship. The values shown are midyear estimates.
Received value: 19020271 people. The main card rounds for readability.
- Collected
- Oct 7, 2026
- Dataset update reported by API
- Jul 13, 2026; separate from the observation year
World Bank indicator ↗ · API record ↗
World Bank, World Development Indicators. CC BY 4.0. Underlying sources: World Population Prospects, United Nations (UN), uri: https://population.un.org/wpp/, publisher: UN Population Division; Statistical databases and publications from national statistical offices, National Statistical Offices (NSOs), uri: https://unstats.un.org/home/nso_sites/, publisher: National Statistical Offices; Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, Eurostat (ESTAT), uri: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database?node_code=earn_ses_monthly, publisher: Eurostat; Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), United Nations (UN), uri: https://unstats.un.org, publisher: UN Statistics Division
GDP
$428.68 billion
current US$
observation
Definition, value & source
Gross domestic product is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. This indicator is expressed in United States dollars.
Received value: 428677977854.826 current US$. The main card rounds for readability.
- Collected
- Oct 7, 2026
- Dataset update reported by API
- Jul 13, 2026; separate from the observation year
World Bank indicator ↗ · API record ↗
World Bank, World Development Indicators. CC BY 4.0. Underlying sources: Country official statistics, National Statistical Organizations and/or Central Banks; National Accounts data files, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); Staff estimates, World Bank (WB)
GDP per capita
$22,538
current US$ per person
observation
Definition, value & source
Gross domestic product is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. The core indicator has been divided by the general population to achieve a per capita estimate.This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. This indicator is expressed in United States dollars.
Received value: 22537.9532108047 current US$ per person. The main card rounds for readability.
- Collected
- Oct 7, 2026
- Dataset update reported by API
- Jul 13, 2026; separate from the observation year
World Bank indicator ↗ · API record ↗
World Bank, World Development Indicators. CC BY 4.0. Underlying sources: Country official statistics, National Statistical Organizations and/or Central Banks; National Accounts data files, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); Staff estimates, World Bank (WB)
GDP and GDP per capita use current US dollars, without an inflation or purchasing-power-parity adjustment. Source years can differ. Missing data is not zero; earlier archive figures below are retained as a separate historical reference.
THE REFERENCE FILE
Romania at a glance
These are historical reference facts from the 2025 World Factbook archive. Each estimate keeps its own period; an archive edition does not make every figure a measurement from that year.
Population
total: 18,148,155 (2024 est.) male: 8,747,795 female: 9,400,360
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
$774.376 billion (2024 est.) $768.126 billion (2023 est.) $750.091 billion (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate)
$382.768 billion (2024 est.) note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate
Real GDP growth rate
0.8% (2024 est.) 2.4% (2023 est.) 4% (2022 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
Real GDP per capita
$40,600 (2024 est.) $40,300 (2023 est.) $39,400 (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
5.7% (2024 est.) 10.4% (2023 est.) 13.8% (2022 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices
Unemployment rate
5.4% (2024 est.) 5.6% (2023 est.) 5.7% (2022 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment
Labor force
8.263 million (2024 est.) note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Public debt
50.9% of GDP (2022 est.) note: central government debt as a % of GDP
Budget
revenues: $93.691 billion (2022 est.) expenditures: $112.799 billion (2022 est.) note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Current account balance
-$31.988 billion (2024 est.) -$24.461 billion (2023 est.) -$27.326 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports
$136.253 billion (2024 est.) $136.488 billion (2023 est.) $129.286 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports
$159.575 billion (2024 est.) $153.427 billion (2023 est.) $149.209 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
$73.391 billion (2024 est.) $73 billion (2023 est.) $55.81 billion (2022 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Electricity access
electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)
Internet users
percent of population: 89% (2023 est.)
THE HISTORICAL REFERENCE LIBRARY
Explore the country in detail
Browse the economy, population, resources and infrastructure. These archived descriptions keep their original wording and dates; they have not been updated to describe current conditions.
32 of 32 sections
Location
Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Capital
name: Bucharest geographic coordinates: 44 26 N, 26 06 E time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October etymology: the name is said to come from a shepherd named Bucur who is reputed to have founded the town in 1457, but a settlement probably already existed on the site; the name may come from the personal name of an early landowner
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Economic overview
high-income, EU-member economy; euro membership delayed over macroeconomic indicators; persistent inflation, but consumption and EU-funded investments driving recovery; skilled labor shortage; high public debt and budget deficit; challenges include fiscal sustainability and political instability
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Natural resources
petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Agricultural products
wheat, maize, milk, sunflower seeds, barley, rapeseed, potatoes, grapes, plums, apples (2023) note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
2023 source periods; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Industries
electric machinery and equipment, auto assembly, textiles and footwear, light machinery, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining, mining, timber, construction materials
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Exports - partners
Germany 19%, Italy 10%, France 6%, UK 5%, Hungary 4% (2023) note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
2023 source periods; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Exports - commodities
cars, vehicle parts/accessories, insulated wire, garments, wheat (2023) note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
2023 source periods; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Imports - partners
Germany 19%, Italy 8%, Hungary 6%, Poland 6%, China 6% (2023) note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
2023 source periods; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Imports - commodities
vehicle parts/accessories, packaged medicine, cars, crude petroleum, plastic products (2023) note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
2023 source periods; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Climate
temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Terrain
central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Moldavian Plateau on the east by the Eastern Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Land use
agricultural land: 55.3% (2023 est.) arable land: 36.5% (2023 est.) permanent crops: 1.8% (2023 est.) permanent pasture: 17% (2023 est.) forest: 30.2% (2023 est.) other: 14.5% (2023 est.)
2023 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Natural hazards
earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Languages
Romanian (official) 91.6%, Hungarian 6.3%, Romani 1.2%, other 0.7% (2021 est.) major-language sample(s): Cartea informativa a lumii, sursa indispensabila pentru informatii de baza. (Romanian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. note: data represent individuals who declared a maternal language in the 2021 national census; 13.1% did not respond
2021 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Religions
Romanian Orthodox 85.3%, Roman Catholic 4.5%, Reformed 3%, Pentecostal 2.5%, other 4.7% (2021 est.) note: data represent individuals who declared a religion in the 2021 national census; 13.9% did not respond
2021 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Age structure
0-14 years: 15.4% (male 1,441,359/female 1,362,304) 15-64 years: 62% (male 5,618,366/female 5,632,718) 65 years and over: 22.6% (2024 est.) (male 1,688,070/female 2,405,338)
2024 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Urbanization
urban population: 54.7% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: -0.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
2023, 2020 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Life expectancy at birth
total population: 76.9 years (2024 est.) male: 73.4 years female: 80.5 years
2024 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Literacy
total population: 99.2% (2021 est.) male: 99% (2021 est.) female: 99.3% (2021 est.)
2021 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Electricity
installed generating capacity: 19.748 million kW (2023 est.) consumption: 48.73 billion kWh (2023 est.) exports: 13.106 billion kWh (2023 est.) imports: 10.088 billion kWh (2023 est.) transmission/distribution losses: 5.817 billion kWh (2023 est.)
2023 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Electricity generation sources
fossil fuels: 32.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) nuclear: 18% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) solar: 3.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) wind: 13% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) hydroelectricity: 32.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) biomass and waste: 0.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
2023 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Petroleum
total petroleum production: 67,000 bbl/day (2023 est.) refined petroleum consumption: 220,000 bbl/day (2023 est.) crude oil estimated reserves: 600 million barrels (2021 est.)
2023, 2021 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Natural gas
production: 9.632 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) consumption: 9.395 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) exports: 2.231 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) imports: 2.793 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) proven reserves: 105.48 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
2023, 2021 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Carbon dioxide emissions
61.416 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from coal and metallurgical coke: 13.07 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from petroleum and other liquids: 30.902 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from consumed natural gas: 17.444 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
2023 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Telephones - mobile cellular
total subscriptions: 23.2 million (2022 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 118 (2022 est.)
2022 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
total: 6.63 million (2023 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 35 (2023 est.)
2023 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Airports
103 (2025)
2025 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Railways
total: 10,628 km (2020) 4,030 km electrified
2020 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Ports
total ports: 11 (2024) large: 0 medium: 2 small: 1 very small: 8 ports with oil terminals: 4 key ports: Basarabi, Braila, Cernavoda, Constanta, Danube-Black Sea Canal, Galati, Mangalia, Medgidia, Midia, Sulina, Tulcea
2024 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
agriculture: 3.3% (2024 est.) industry: 25% (2024 est.) services: 62.5% (2024 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
2024 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Remittances
2.5% of GDP (2024 est.) 2.8% of GDP (2023 est.) 3% of GDP (2022 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
2024, 2023, 2022 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
CURRENCY OBSERVATIONS
Money & exchange rates
The latest verified daily references are separate from the historical country profile. Values are currency units per US$1.
Romanian Leu
RON per US$1
Published reference snapshot; its original observation date is preserved.
1 RON = US$0.2101944
4.5155–4.7575 RON per US$1 across the displayed observations. The vertical scale follows this range.
View dated observations
| Observation date | RON per US$1 |
|---|---|
| Oct 6, 2026 | 4.7575 |
| Oct 5, 2026 | 4.7569 |
| Oct 4, 2026 | 4.7379 |
| Oct 3, 2026 | 4.7344 |
| Oct 2, 2026 | 4.7221 |
| Oct 1, 2026 | 4.6671 |
| Sep 30, 2026 | 4.6502 |
| Sep 29, 2026 | 4.6465 |
| Sep 28, 2026 | 4.6341 |
| Sep 27, 2026 | 4.6311 |
| Sep 26, 2026 | 4.6313 |
| Sep 25, 2026 | 4.6335 |
| Sep 24, 2026 | 4.6347 |
| Sep 23, 2026 | 4.613 |
| Sep 22, 2026 | 4.5903 |
| Sep 21, 2026 | 4.5859 |
| Sep 20, 2026 | 4.5878 |
| Sep 19, 2026 | 4.5877 |
| Sep 18, 2026 | 4.5867 |
| Sep 17, 2026 | 4.5762 |
| Sep 16, 2026 | 4.5614 |
| Sep 15, 2026 | 4.558 |
| Sep 14, 2026 | 4.5437 |
| Sep 13, 2026 | 4.5279 |
| Sep 12, 2026 | 4.5272 |
| Sep 11, 2026 | 4.526 |
| Sep 10, 2026 | 4.5172 |
| Sep 9, 2026 | 4.5155 |
| Sep 8, 2026 | 4.519 |
| Sep 7, 2026 | 4.5196 |
Daily references are not live execution prices. A check time does not change a source observation date.
CAPITAL MARKETS
Stock exchanges
No venue from our curated stock exchange directory is listed for this entity.
Browse the worldwide directory →Exchange directory coverage is curated and does not establish that an entity has no other trading venues.
CONTINUE YOUR RESEARCH
Official data & country reports
Research directories have their own coverage. A link is not a claim that every entity has an IMF report or a separate national statistical office.
SOURCES & DATES
Where the facts come from.
Editorial presentation by American Business Capital Group Inc. The organizations and archive links below are the underlying sources.
- Country reference
- CIA World Factbook · 2025 archive
- Archive retrieved
- Oct 6, 2026 · retrieval date, not an observation period
- Currency associations
- SIX / ISO 4217 currency registry ↗
- Rate observations
- Frankfurter / official reference providers ↗ · each observation is dated separately
- State classification
- UN member states ↗ · UN observer states ↗
- UN membership is shown separately from territory and currency coverage; inclusion is not a position on sovereignty or boundaries.
- CIA World Factbook text preserved by World Factbook Archive. Archive edition 2025; individual estimates retain their own dates. These are historical reference facts, not current observations.
About the editions. The CIA announced the end of its online World Factbook on February 4, 2026. Our historical profiles retain the archive editions shown above.
Skyhorse lists The CIA World Factbook 2026–2027, published April 7, 2026 (ISBN 9781510786042). That book’s full text has not been incorporated here; its edition title does not redate the imported archive. Archive distribution license.
Geography is a simplified reference. Displayed boundaries and entity inclusion do not express a position on sovereignty or disputed borders.