EUROPE · COUNTRY REFERENCE
Poland
Written and compiled by American Business Capital Group Inc.
Selected country or entityMap: Natural Earth ↗
ANNUAL ECONOMIC SNAPSHOT
Population & economic scale
The most recent non-empty observations returned by the World Bank when this snapshot was collected. Read the year on each card: these are annual statistics, not live measurements.
World Bank reporting entity: Poland · 3 of 3 indicators available.
Population
36,435,861
people
observation
Definition, value & source
Total population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship. The values shown are midyear estimates.
Received value: 36435861 people. The main card rounds for readability.
- Collected
- Oct 7, 2026
- Dataset update reported by API
- Jul 13, 2026; separate from the observation year
World Bank indicator ↗ · API record ↗
World Bank, World Development Indicators. CC BY 4.0. Underlying sources: World Population Prospects, United Nations (UN), uri: https://population.un.org/wpp/, publisher: UN Population Division; Statistical databases and publications from national statistical offices, National Statistical Offices (NSOs), uri: https://unstats.un.org/home/nso_sites/, publisher: National Statistical Offices; Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, Eurostat (ESTAT), uri: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database?node_code=earn_ses_monthly, publisher: Eurostat; Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), United Nations (UN), uri: https://unstats.un.org, publisher: UN Statistics Division
GDP
$1.04 trillion
current US$
observation
Definition, value & source
Gross domestic product is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. This indicator is expressed in United States dollars.
Received value: 1035491784197.44 current US$. The main card rounds for readability.
- Collected
- Oct 7, 2026
- Dataset update reported by API
- Jul 13, 2026; separate from the observation year
World Bank indicator ↗ · API record ↗
World Bank, World Development Indicators. CC BY 4.0. Underlying sources: Country official statistics, National Statistical Organizations and/or Central Banks; National Accounts data files, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); Staff estimates, World Bank (WB)
GDP per capita
$28,420
current US$ per person
observation
Definition, value & source
Gross domestic product is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. The core indicator has been divided by the general population to achieve a per capita estimate.This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. This indicator is expressed in United States dollars.
Received value: 28419.5777395638 current US$ per person. The main card rounds for readability.
- Collected
- Oct 7, 2026
- Dataset update reported by API
- Jul 13, 2026; separate from the observation year
World Bank indicator ↗ · API record ↗
World Bank, World Development Indicators. CC BY 4.0. Underlying sources: Country official statistics, National Statistical Organizations and/or Central Banks; National Accounts data files, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); Staff estimates, World Bank (WB)
GDP and GDP per capita use current US dollars, without an inflation or purchasing-power-parity adjustment. Source years can differ. Missing data is not zero; earlier archive figures below are retained as a separate historical reference.
THE REFERENCE FILE
Poland at a glance
These are historical reference facts from the 2025 World Factbook archive. Each estimate keeps its own period; an archive edition does not make every figure a measurement from that year.
Population
total: 38,746,310 (2024 est.) male: 18,441,415 female: 20,304,895
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
$1.649 trillion (2024 est.) $1.602 trillion (2023 est.) $1.598 trillion (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate)
$914.696 billion (2024 est.) note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate
Real GDP growth rate
2.9% (2024 est.) 0.2% (2023 est.) 5.3% (2022 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
Real GDP per capita
$45,100 (2024 est.) $43,700 (2023 est.) $43,400 (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
3.8% (2024 est.) 11.5% (2023 est.) 14.4% (2022 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices
Unemployment rate
2.5% (2024 est.) 2.8% (2023 est.) 2.9% (2022 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment
Labor force
18.245 million (2024 est.) note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Public debt
50.6% of GDP (2017 est.) note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities, the data include subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
Budget
revenues: $291.603 billion (2023 est.) expenditures: $328.497 billion (2023 est.) note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Current account balance
$1.789 billion (2024 est.) $14.535 billion (2023 est.) -$15.822 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports
$478.579 billion (2024 est.) $471.571 billion (2023 est.) $436.388 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports
$441.945 billion (2024 est.) $423.797 billion (2023 est.) $421.765 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
$223.115 billion (2024 est.) $193.783 billion (2023 est.) $166.664 billion (2022 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Electricity access
electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)
Internet users
percent of population: 86% (2023 est.)
THE HISTORICAL REFERENCE LIBRARY
Explore the country in detail
Browse the economy, population, resources and infrastructure. These archived descriptions keep their original wording and dates; they have not been updated to describe current conditions.
31 of 31 sections
Location
Central Europe, east of Germany
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Capital
name: Warsaw geographic coordinates: 52 15 N, 21 00 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October etymology: the origin of the name is unknown; Warszawa was the name of a fishing village, and several legends link the city's founding to a man named Wars or Warsz
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Economic overview
high-income, diversified, EU-member economy; significant growth in GDP, trade, and investment since joining EU in 2004; private consumption and EU-funded public investments driving GDP growth; increased social spending, flooding recovery costs, and defense spending have added to public debt
2004 source periods; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Natural resources
coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt, amber, arable land
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Agricultural products
sugar beets, milk, wheat, maize, potatoes, triticale, apples, rapeseed, barley, rye (2023) note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
2023 source periods; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Industries
machine building, iron and steel, coal mining, chemicals, shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Exports - partners
Germany 25%, UK 6%, Czechia 6%, France 6%, Italy 5% (2023) note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
2023 source periods; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Exports - commodities
vehicle parts/accessories, electric batteries, plastic products, cars, seats (2023) note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
2023 source periods; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Imports - partners
Germany 22%, China 12%, Italy 5%, Netherlands 4%, USA 4% (2023) note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
2023 source periods; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Imports - commodities
crude petroleum, cars, garments, vehicle parts/accessories, plastic products (2023) note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
2023 source periods; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Climate
temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Terrain
mostly flat plain; mountains along southern border
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Land use
agricultural land: 47.6% (2023 est.) arable land: 36.6% (2023 est.) permanent crops: 1.1% (2023 est.) permanent pasture: 9.8% (2023 est.) forest: 31% (2023 est.) other: 21% (2023 est.)
2023 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Natural hazards
flooding
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Languages
Polish (official) 98.2%, Silesian 1.4%, other 1.1%, unspecified 1.2% (2011 est.) major-language sample(s): Księga Fakt w Świata, niezbędne źr dło podstawowych informacji. (Polish) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. note 1: shares of languages sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; data represent language spoken at home note 2: Poland also recognizes Kashub as a regional language; Czech, Hebrew, Yiddish, Belarusian, Lithuanian, German, Armenian, Russian, Slovak, and Ukrainian as national minority languages; and Karaim, Lemko, Romani (Polska Roma and Bergitka Roma), and Tatar as ethnic minority languages
2011 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Religions
Roman Catholic 70.7%, refused to answer 20.9%, no religion 6.9%; less than 1 percent: Orthodox, Jehovah Witness, Evangelic of Augsburg, Greek Catholic, Pentecostal, other Protestant, not stated, old Catholic Mariavite Church, other Christians, Islam, Buddhist, Polish Catholic Church, other, Baptist Union of Poland, Pagan, Seventh Day Adventist, Hindu, other Catholic (2021 est.)
2021 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Age structure
0-14 years: 14.2% (male 2,830,048/female 2,676,300) 15-64 years: 65.9% (male 12,513,402/female 13,036,977) 65 years and over: 19.8% (2024 est.) (male 3,097,965/female 4,591,618)
2024 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Urbanization
urban population: 60.2% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: -0.16% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
2023, 2020 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Life expectancy at birth
total population: 76.7 years (2024 est.) male: 72.8 years female: 80.9 years
2024 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Electricity
installed generating capacity: 64.806 million kW (2023 est.) consumption: 159.639 billion kWh (2023 est.) exports: 11.403 billion kWh (2023 est.) imports: 15.14 billion kWh (2023 est.) transmission/distribution losses: 8.549 billion kWh (2023 est.)
2023 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Electricity generation sources
fossil fuels: 72.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) solar: 6.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) wind: 14.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) hydroelectricity: 1.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) biomass and waste: 4.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
2023 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Petroleum
total petroleum production: 24,000 bbl/day (2023 est.) refined petroleum consumption: 743,000 bbl/day (2024 est.) crude oil estimated reserves: 113 million barrels (2021 est.)
2023, 2024, 2021 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Natural gas
production: 5.345 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) consumption: 20.602 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) exports: 747.124 million cubic meters (2023 est.) imports: 15.111 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) proven reserves: 91.492 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
2023, 2021 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Carbon dioxide emissions
264.031 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from coal and metallurgical coke: 132.101 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from petroleum and other liquids: 95.095 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from consumed natural gas: 36.835 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
2023 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Telephones - mobile cellular
total subscriptions: 52.4 million (2023 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 132 (2022 est.)
2023, 2022 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
total: 10.1 million (2023 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 26 (2023 est.)
2023 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Airports
318 (2025)
2025 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Railways
total: 19,461 km (2020) 11,946 km electrified
2020 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Ports
total ports: 10 (2024) large: 2 medium: 2 small: 4 very small: 2 ports with oil terminals: 5 key ports: Gdansk, Gdynia, Port Polnochny, Szczecin
2024 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
agriculture: 2.6% (2024 est.) industry: 26.4% (2024 est.) services: 59.9% (2024 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
2024 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Remittances
0.9% of GDP (2024 est.) 1.1% of GDP (2023 est.) 1.1% of GDP (2022 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
2024, 2023, 2022 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
CURRENCY OBSERVATIONS
Money & exchange rates
The latest verified daily references are separate from the historical country profile. Values are currency units per US$1.
Zloty
PLN per US$1
Published reference snapshot; its original observation date is preserved.
1 PLN = US$0.2566208
3.7099–3.9038 PLN per US$1 across the displayed observations. The vertical scale follows this range.
View dated observations
| Observation date | PLN per US$1 |
|---|---|
| Oct 6, 2026 | 3.8968 |
| Oct 5, 2026 | 3.9038 |
| Oct 4, 2026 | 3.8904 |
| Oct 3, 2026 | 3.8887 |
| Oct 2, 2026 | 3.8837 |
| Oct 1, 2026 | 3.8627 |
| Sep 30, 2026 | 3.8484 |
| Sep 29, 2026 | 3.8477 |
| Sep 28, 2026 | 3.8421 |
| Sep 27, 2026 | 3.8407 |
| Sep 26, 2026 | 3.841 |
| Sep 25, 2026 | 3.8438 |
| Sep 24, 2026 | 3.8459 |
| Sep 23, 2026 | 3.8152 |
| Sep 22, 2026 | 3.793 |
| Sep 21, 2026 | 3.7968 |
| Sep 20, 2026 | 3.8024 |
| Sep 19, 2026 | 3.8022 |
| Sep 18, 2026 | 3.8006 |
| Sep 17, 2026 | 3.7877 |
| Sep 16, 2026 | 3.7647 |
| Sep 15, 2026 | 3.7609 |
| Sep 14, 2026 | 3.7464 |
| Sep 13, 2026 | 3.7264 |
| Sep 12, 2026 | 3.7259 |
| Sep 11, 2026 | 3.7243 |
| Sep 10, 2026 | 3.7143 |
| Sep 9, 2026 | 3.7099 |
| Sep 8, 2026 | 3.7129 |
| Sep 7, 2026 | 3.7119 |
Daily references are not live execution prices. A check time does not change a source observation date.
CAPITAL MARKETS
Stock exchanges
Exchange directory coverage is curated and does not establish that an entity has no other trading venues.
CONTINUE YOUR RESEARCH
Official data & country reports
Research directories have their own coverage. A link is not a claim that every entity has an IMF report or a separate national statistical office.
SOURCES & DATES
Where the facts come from.
Editorial presentation by American Business Capital Group Inc. The organizations and archive links below are the underlying sources.
- Country reference
- CIA World Factbook · 2025 archive
- Archive retrieved
- Oct 6, 2026 · retrieval date, not an observation period
- Currency associations
- SIX / ISO 4217 currency registry ↗
- Rate observations
- Frankfurter / official reference providers ↗ · each observation is dated separately
- State classification
- UN member states ↗ · UN observer states ↗
- UN membership is shown separately from territory and currency coverage; inclusion is not a position on sovereignty or boundaries.
- CIA World Factbook text preserved by World Factbook Archive. Archive edition 2025; individual estimates retain their own dates. These are historical reference facts, not current observations.
About the editions. The CIA announced the end of its online World Factbook on February 4, 2026. Our historical profiles retain the archive editions shown above.
Skyhorse lists The CIA World Factbook 2026–2027, published April 7, 2026 (ISBN 9781510786042). That book’s full text has not been incorporated here; its edition title does not redate the imported archive. Archive distribution license.
Geography is a simplified reference. Displayed boundaries and entity inclusion do not express a position on sovereignty or disputed borders.