ASIA & MIDDLE EAST · COUNTRY REFERENCE
Mongolia
Written and compiled by American Business Capital Group Inc.
Selected country or entityMap: Natural Earth ↗
ANNUAL ECONOMIC SNAPSHOT
Population & economic scale
The most recent non-empty observations returned by the World Bank when this snapshot was collected. Read the year on each card: these are annual statistics, not live measurements.
World Bank reporting entity: Mongolia · 3 of 3 indicators available.
Population
3,568,978
people
observation
Definition, value & source
Total population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship. The values shown are midyear estimates.
Received value: 3568978 people. The main card rounds for readability.
- Collected
- Oct 7, 2026
- Dataset update reported by API
- Jul 13, 2026; separate from the observation year
World Bank indicator ↗ · API record ↗
World Bank, World Development Indicators. CC BY 4.0. Underlying sources: World Population Prospects, United Nations (UN), uri: https://population.un.org/wpp/, publisher: UN Population Division; Statistical databases and publications from national statistical offices, National Statistical Offices (NSOs), uri: https://unstats.un.org/home/nso_sites/, publisher: National Statistical Offices; Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, Eurostat (ESTAT), uri: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database?node_code=earn_ses_monthly, publisher: Eurostat; Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), United Nations (UN), uri: https://unstats.un.org, publisher: UN Statistics Division
GDP
$25.37 billion
current US$
observation
Definition, value & source
Gross domestic product is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. This indicator is expressed in United States dollars.
Received value: 25369107325.4549 current US$. The main card rounds for readability.
- Collected
- Oct 7, 2026
- Dataset update reported by API
- Jul 13, 2026; separate from the observation year
World Bank indicator ↗ · API record ↗
World Bank, World Development Indicators. CC BY 4.0. Underlying sources: Country official statistics, National Statistical Organizations and/or Central Banks; National Accounts data files, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); Staff estimates, World Bank (WB)
GDP per capita
$7,108
current US$ per person
observation
Definition, value & source
Gross domestic product is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. The core indicator has been divided by the general population to achieve a per capita estimate.This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. This indicator is expressed in United States dollars.
Received value: 7108.22743246244 current US$ per person. The main card rounds for readability.
- Collected
- Oct 7, 2026
- Dataset update reported by API
- Jul 13, 2026; separate from the observation year
World Bank indicator ↗ · API record ↗
World Bank, World Development Indicators. CC BY 4.0. Underlying sources: Country official statistics, National Statistical Organizations and/or Central Banks; National Accounts data files, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); Staff estimates, World Bank (WB)
GDP and GDP per capita use current US dollars, without an inflation or purchasing-power-parity adjustment. Source years can differ. Missing data is not zero; earlier archive figures below are retained as a separate historical reference.
THE REFERENCE FILE
Mongolia at a glance
These are historical reference facts from the 2025 World Factbook archive. Each estimate keeps its own period; an archive edition does not make every figure a measurement from that year.
Population
total: 3,281,676 (2024 est.) male: 1,595,596 female: 1,686,080
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
$59.221 billion (2024 est.) $56.474 billion (2023 est.) $52.572 billion (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate)
$23.586 billion (2024 est.) note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate
Real GDP growth rate
4.9% (2024 est.) 7.4% (2023 est.) 5% (2022 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
Real GDP per capita
$16,800 (2024 est.) $16,200 (2023 est.) $15,300 (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
6.8% (2024 est.) 10.3% (2023 est.) 15.1% (2022 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices
Unemployment rate
5.5% (2024 est.) 5.6% (2023 est.) 6.3% (2022 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment
Labor force
1.449 million (2024 est.) note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Public debt
67.6% of GDP (2021 est.) note: central government debt as a % of GDP
Budget
revenues: $4.721 billion (2021 est.) expenditures: $5.623 billion (2021 est.) note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Current account balance
$121.266 million (2023 est.) -$2.303 billion (2022 est.) -$2.108 billion (2021 est.) note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports
$15.501 billion (2023 est.) $10.989 billion (2022 est.) $8.95 billion (2021 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports
$13.545 billion (2023 est.) $12.112 billion (2022 est.) $9.256 billion (2021 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
$5.508 billion (2024 est.) $4.916 billion (2023 est.) $3.398 billion (2022 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Debt - external
$8.379 billion (2023 est.) note: present value of external debt in current US dollars
Electricity access
electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)
Internet users
percent of population: 83% (2023 est.)
THE HISTORICAL REFERENCE LIBRARY
Explore the country in detail
Browse the economy, population, resources and infrastructure. These archived descriptions keep their original wording and dates; they have not been updated to describe current conditions.
30 of 30 sections
Location
Northern Asia, between China and Russia
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Capital
name: Ulaanbaatar geographic coordinates: 47 55 N, 106 55 E time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Saturday in March; ends last Saturday in September time zone note: Mongolia has two time zones - Ulaanbaatar Time (8 hours in advance of UTC) and Hovd Time (7 hours in advance of UTC) etymology: the name means "red hero" in Mongolian and honors national hero Damdin SUKHBAATAR, leader of the partisan army that, with Soviet help, liberated Mongolia from Chinese occupation in the early 1920s
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Economic overview
lower middle-income East Asian economy; large human capital improvements over last 3 decades; agricultural and natural resource rich; export and consumption-led growth; high inflation due to supply bottlenecks and increased food and energy prices; currency depreciation
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Natural resources
oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Agricultural products
milk, wheat, lamb/mutton, potatoes, beef, carrots/turnips, goat milk, goat meat, bison milk, horse meat (2023) note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
2023 source periods; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Industries
construction and construction materials; mining (coal, copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, tin, tungsten, gold); oil; food and beverages; processing of animal products, cashmere and natural fiber manufacturing
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Exports - partners
China 92%, Switzerland 6%, Italy 1%, Thailand 0%, Japan 0% (2023) note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
2023 source periods; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Exports - commodities
coal, copper ore, gold, iron ore, crude petroleum (2023) note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
2023 source periods; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Imports - partners
China 57%, Japan 13%, Germany 3%, Singapore 3%, USA 3% (2023) note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
2023 source periods; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Imports - commodities
cars, trucks, trailers, tractors, construction vehicles (2023) note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
2023 source periods; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Climate
desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Terrain
vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Land use
agricultural land: 69% (2023 est.) arable land: 0.7% (2023 est.) permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.) permanent pasture: 68.2% (2023 est.) forest: 9.1% (2023 est.) other: 21.9% (2023 est.)
2023 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Natural hazards
dust storms; grassland and forest fires; drought; "zud," which is harsh winter conditions
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Languages
Mongolian 90% (official, Khalkha dialect is predominant), Turkic, Russian (1999) major-language sample(s): Дэлхийн баримтат ном, үндсэн мэдээллийн зайлшгүй эх сурвалж. (Mongolian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
1999 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Religions
Buddhist 51.8%, no religion 40.6%, Muslim 3.2%, Shaman 2.5%, Christian 1.3%, Other 0.6% (2020 est.)
2020 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Age structure
0-14 years: 25.7% (male 429,867/female 412,943) 15-64 years: 68.4% (male 1,087,487/female 1,156,547) 65 years and over: 5.9% (2024 est.) (male 78,242/female 116,590)
2024 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Urbanization
urban population: 69.1% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
2023, 2020 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Life expectancy at birth
total population: 71.9 years (2024 est.) male: 67.8 years female: 76.3 years
2024 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Literacy
total population: 98.6% (2023 est.) male: 98.3% (2023 est.) female: 98.9% (2023 est.)
2023 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Electricity
installed generating capacity: 1.51 million kW (2023 est.) consumption: 8.997 billion kWh (2023 est.) exports: 24 million kWh (2023 est.) imports: 2.224 billion kWh (2023 est.) transmission/distribution losses: 1.113 billion kWh (2023 est.)
2023 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Electricity generation sources
fossil fuels: 90.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) solar: 2.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) wind: 6.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) hydroelectricity: 0.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
2023 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Petroleum
total petroleum production: 15,000 bbl/day (2023 est.) refined petroleum consumption: 39,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
2023 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Carbon dioxide emissions
19.203 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from coal and metallurgical coke: 13.489 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from petroleum and other liquids: 5.714 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
2023 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Telephones - mobile cellular
total subscriptions: 4.84 million (2023 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 142 (2022 est.)
2023, 2022 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
total: 499,000 (2023 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 15 (2023 est.)
2023 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Airports
37 (2025)
2025 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Railways
total: 1,815 km (2017) broad gauge: 1,815 km (2017) 1.520-m gauge note: national operator Ulaanbaatar Railway is jointly owned by the Mongolian Government and by the Russian State Railway
2017 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
agriculture: 7.4% (2024 est.) industry: 38.1% (2024 est.) services: 44.2% (2024 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
2024 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Remittances
2.2% of GDP (2023 est.) 2.3% of GDP (2022 est.) 3.1% of GDP (2021 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
2023, 2022, 2021 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
CURRENCY OBSERVATIONS
Money & exchange rates
The latest verified daily references are separate from the historical country profile. Values are currency units per US$1.
Tugrik
MNT per US$1
Published reference snapshot; its original observation date is preserved.
1 MNT = US$0.000278001
3,593.34–3,604.73 MNT per US$1 across the displayed observations. The vertical scale follows this range.
View dated observations
| Observation date | MNT per US$1 |
|---|---|
| Oct 6, 2026 | 3,597.11 |
| Oct 5, 2026 | 3,599.94 |
| Oct 4, 2026 | 3,599.47 |
| Oct 3, 2026 | 3,602 |
| Oct 2, 2026 | 3,603.79 |
| Oct 1, 2026 | 3,599.93 |
| Sep 30, 2026 | 3,593.34 |
| Sep 29, 2026 | 3,594.64 |
| Sep 28, 2026 | 3,594.86 |
| Sep 27, 2026 | 3,595.41 |
| Sep 26, 2026 | 3,596.6 |
| Sep 25, 2026 | 3,596.61 |
| Sep 24, 2026 | 3,599.36 |
| Sep 23, 2026 | 3,593.69 |
| Sep 22, 2026 | 3,600.59 |
| Sep 21, 2026 | 3,600.83 |
| Sep 20, 2026 | 3,602.51 |
| Sep 19, 2026 | 3,604.17 |
| Sep 18, 2026 | 3,604.49 |
| Sep 17, 2026 | 3,604.73 |
| Sep 16, 2026 | 3,598.98 |
| Sep 15, 2026 | 3,600.66 |
| Sep 14, 2026 | 3,601.19 |
| Sep 13, 2026 | 3,599.04 |
| Sep 12, 2026 | 3,599.83 |
| Sep 11, 2026 | 3,599.95 |
| Sep 10, 2026 | 3,598.29 |
| Sep 9, 2026 | 3,599.09 |
| Sep 8, 2026 | 3,597.03 |
| Sep 7, 2026 | 3,595.95 |
Daily references are not live execution prices. A check time does not change a source observation date.
CAPITAL MARKETS
Stock exchanges
No venue from our curated stock exchange directory is listed for this entity.
Browse the worldwide directory →Exchange directory coverage is curated and does not establish that an entity has no other trading venues.
CONTINUE YOUR RESEARCH
Official data & country reports
Research directories have their own coverage. A link is not a claim that every entity has an IMF report or a separate national statistical office.
SOURCES & DATES
Where the facts come from.
Editorial presentation by American Business Capital Group Inc. The organizations and archive links below are the underlying sources.
- Country reference
- CIA World Factbook · 2025 archive
- Archive retrieved
- Oct 6, 2026 · retrieval date, not an observation period
- Currency associations
- SIX / ISO 4217 currency registry ↗
- Rate observations
- Frankfurter / official reference providers ↗ · each observation is dated separately
- State classification
- UN member states ↗ · UN observer states ↗
- UN membership is shown separately from territory and currency coverage; inclusion is not a position on sovereignty or boundaries.
- CIA World Factbook text preserved by World Factbook Archive. Archive edition 2025; individual estimates retain their own dates. These are historical reference facts, not current observations.
About the editions. The CIA announced the end of its online World Factbook on February 4, 2026. Our historical profiles retain the archive editions shown above.
Skyhorse lists The CIA World Factbook 2026–2027, published April 7, 2026 (ISBN 9781510786042). That book’s full text has not been incorporated here; its edition title does not redate the imported archive. Archive distribution license.
Geography is a simplified reference. Displayed boundaries and entity inclusion do not express a position on sovereignty or disputed borders.