ASIA & MIDDLE EAST · COUNTRY REFERENCE
Kazakhstan
Written and compiled by American Business Capital Group Inc.
Selected country or entityMap: Natural Earth ↗
ANNUAL ECONOMIC SNAPSHOT
Population & economic scale
The most recent non-empty observations returned by the World Bank when this snapshot was collected. Read the year on each card: these are annual statistics, not live measurements.
World Bank reporting entity: Kazakhstan · 3 of 3 indicators available.
Population
20,843,754
people
observation
Definition, value & source
Total population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship. The values shown are midyear estimates.
Received value: 20843754 people. The main card rounds for readability.
- Collected
- Oct 7, 2026
- Dataset update reported by API
- Jul 13, 2026; separate from the observation year
World Bank indicator ↗ · API record ↗
World Bank, World Development Indicators. CC BY 4.0. Underlying sources: World Population Prospects, United Nations (UN), uri: https://population.un.org/wpp/, publisher: UN Population Division; Statistical databases and publications from national statistical offices, National Statistical Offices (NSOs), uri: https://unstats.un.org/home/nso_sites/, publisher: National Statistical Offices; Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, Eurostat (ESTAT), uri: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database?node_code=earn_ses_monthly, publisher: Eurostat; Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), United Nations (UN), uri: https://unstats.un.org, publisher: UN Statistics Division
GDP
$306.24 billion
current US$
observation
Definition, value & source
Gross domestic product is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. This indicator is expressed in United States dollars.
Received value: 306239209650.024 current US$. The main card rounds for readability.
- Collected
- Oct 7, 2026
- Dataset update reported by API
- Jul 13, 2026; separate from the observation year
World Bank indicator ↗ · API record ↗
World Bank, World Development Indicators. CC BY 4.0. Underlying sources: Country official statistics, National Statistical Organizations and/or Central Banks; National Accounts data files, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); Staff estimates, World Bank (WB)
GDP per capita
$14,692
current US$ per person
observation
Definition, value & source
Gross domestic product is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. The core indicator has been divided by the general population to achieve a per capita estimate.This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. This indicator is expressed in United States dollars.
Received value: 14692.1331757237 current US$ per person. The main card rounds for readability.
- Collected
- Oct 7, 2026
- Dataset update reported by API
- Jul 13, 2026; separate from the observation year
World Bank indicator ↗ · API record ↗
World Bank, World Development Indicators. CC BY 4.0. Underlying sources: Country official statistics, National Statistical Organizations and/or Central Banks; National Accounts data files, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); Staff estimates, World Bank (WB)
GDP and GDP per capita use current US dollars, without an inflation or purchasing-power-parity adjustment. Source years can differ. Missing data is not zero; earlier archive figures below are retained as a separate historical reference.
THE REFERENCE FILE
Kazakhstan at a glance
These are historical reference facts from the 2025 World Factbook archive. Each estimate keeps its own period; an archive edition does not make every figure a measurement from that year.
Population
total: 20,432,662 (2025 est.) male: 9,902,303 female: 10,530,359
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
$739.385 billion (2024 est.) $705.52 billion (2023 est.) $671.285 billion (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate)
$288.406 billion (2024 est.) note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate
Real GDP growth rate
4.8% (2024 est.) 5.1% (2023 est.) 3.2% (2022 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
Real GDP per capita
$35,900 (2024 est.) $34,700 (2023 est.) $33,500 (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
8.8% (2024 est.) 14.7% (2023 est.) 15% (2022 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices
Unemployment rate
4.8% (2024 est.) 4.9% (2023 est.) 4.9% (2022 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment
Labor force
10.285 million (2024 est.) note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Public debt
20.9% of GDP (2023 est.) note: central government debt as a % of GDP
Budget
revenues: $44.25 billion (2023 est.) expenditures: $47.247 billion (2023 est.) note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Current account balance
-$3.702 billion (2024 est.) -$9.448 billion (2023 est.) $6.436 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports
$91.908 billion (2024 est.) $90.926 billion (2023 est.) $93.822 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports
$74.246 billion (2024 est.) $72.723 billion (2023 est.) $60.439 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
$45.808 billion (2024 est.) $35.965 billion (2023 est.) $35.076 billion (2022 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Debt - external
$25.765 billion (2023 est.) note: present value of external debt in current US dollars
Electricity access
electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)
Internet users
percent of population: 93% (2023 est.)
THE HISTORICAL REFERENCE LIBRARY
Explore the country in detail
Browse the economy, population, resources and infrastructure. These archived descriptions keep their original wording and dates; they have not been updated to describe current conditions.
30 of 30 sections
Location
Central Asia, northwest of China; a small portion west of the Ural (Oral) River in easternmost Europe
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Capital
name: Astana geographic coordinates: 51 10 N, 71 25 E time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) time zone note: On 1 March 2024, Kazakhstan moved from using two time zones to one etymology: the name means "capital city" in Kazakh note: founded in 1830 as Akmoly, the capital city became Akmolinsk in 1832, Tselinograd in 1961, Akmola (Aqmola) in 1992, Astana in 1998, and Nur-Sultan in 2019; the latest name change back to Astana in 2022 occurred just three and a half years after the city was renamed to honor a former president, who subsequently fell out of favor
2024, 1961, 1992, 1998, 2019, 2022 source periods; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Economic overview
upper-middle-income Central Asian economy; robust growth due to rising oil production, expansion in manufacturing and services, rising domestic demand, and infrastructure investments; however, rapid growth contributing to high inflation rate; declining unemployment and poverty rates
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Natural resources
major deposits of petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, manganese, chrome ore, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Agricultural products
wheat, milk, barley, potatoes, watermelons, cantaloupes/melons, sunflower seeds, maize, onions, tomatoes (2023) note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
2023 source periods; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Industries
oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur, uranium, iron and steel; tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric motors, construction materials
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Exports - partners
China 16%, UK 15%, Russia 10%, Turkey 6%, Italy 5% (2023) note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
2023 source periods; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Exports - commodities
crude petroleum, gold, radioactive chemicals, refined copper, copper ore (2023) note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
2023 source periods; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Imports - partners
China 28%, Russia 24%, Gambia, The 4%, Turkey 4%, USA 4% (2023) note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
2023 source periods; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Imports - commodities
garments, cars, broadcasting equipment, vehicle bodies, packaged medicine (2023) note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
2023 source periods; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Climate
continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Terrain
vast flat steppe extending from the Volga in the west to the Altai Mountains in the east and from the plains of western Siberia in the north to oases and deserts of Central Asia in the south
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Land use
agricultural land: 79.4% (2023 est.) arable land: 11% (2023 est.) permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.) permanent pasture: 68.3% (2023 est.) forest: 1.3% (2023 est.) other: 19.3% (2023 est.)
2023 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Natural hazards
earthquakes in the south; mudslides around Almaty
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Languages
Kazakh (official, Qazaq) 80.1%, Russian 83.7%, English 35.1% (2021 est.) major-language sample(s): Әлемдік деректер кітабы, негізгі ақпараттың таптырмайтын көзі. (Kazakh) Книга фактов о мире незаменимый источник базовой информации. (Russian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. note: percentages are based on population that understands the spoken language
2021 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Religions
Muslim 69.3%, Christian 17.2% (Orthodox 17%, other 0.2%), Buddhism 0.1%, other 0.1%, non-believers 2.3%, unspecified 11% (2021 est.)
2021 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Age structure
0-14 years: 27.6% (male 2,883,200/female 2,712,772) 15-64 years: 62.8% (male 6,233,881/female 6,486,019) 65 years and over: 9.6% (2024 est.) (male 700,091/female 1,244,043)
2024 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Urbanization
urban population: 58.2% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 1.19% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
2023, 2020 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Life expectancy at birth
total population: 73.3 years (2024 est.) male: 69 years female: 77.9 years
2024 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Electricity
installed generating capacity: 27.624 million kW (2023 est.) consumption: 106.201 billion kWh (2023 est.) exports: 2.243 billion kWh (2023 est.) imports: 3.694 billion kWh (2023 est.) transmission/distribution losses: 9.439 billion kWh (2023 est.)
2023 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Electricity generation sources
fossil fuels: 87.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) solar: 1.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) wind: 2.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) hydroelectricity: 8.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
2023 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Petroleum
total petroleum production: 1.955 million bbl/day (2023 est.) refined petroleum consumption: 386,000 bbl/day (2023 est.) crude oil estimated reserves: 30 billion barrels (2021 est.)
2023, 2021 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Natural gas
production: 28.769 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) consumption: 22.223 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) exports: 7.071 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) imports: 408.952 million cubic meters (2023 est.) proven reserves: 2.407 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)
2023, 2021 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Carbon dioxide emissions
269.83 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from coal and metallurgical coke: 175.848 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from petroleum and other liquids: 50.387 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from consumed natural gas: 43.596 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
2023 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Telephones - mobile cellular
total subscriptions: 26.2 million (2024 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 127 (2024 est.)
2024 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
total: 3.59 million (2023 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 18 (2023 est.)
2023 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Airports
132 (2025)
2025 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Railways
total: 16,636 km (2021) broad gauge: 16,636 km (2021) 1.520-m gauge (4,237 km electrified)
2021 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
agriculture: 3.9% (2024 est.) industry: 31.4% (2024 est.) services: 58.2% (2024 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
2024 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Remittances
0.1% of GDP (2024 est.) 0.1% of GDP (2023 est.) 0.2% of GDP (2022 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
2024, 2023, 2022 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
CURRENCY OBSERVATIONS
Money & exchange rates
The latest verified daily references are separate from the historical country profile. Values are currency units per US$1.
Tenge
KZT per US$1
Published reference snapshot; its original observation date is preserved.
1 KZT = US$0.002202061
439.69–455.52 KZT per US$1 across the displayed observations. The vertical scale follows this range.
View dated observations
| Observation date | KZT per US$1 |
|---|---|
| Oct 6, 2026 | 454.12 |
| Oct 5, 2026 | 449.09 |
| Oct 4, 2026 | 445.35 |
| Oct 3, 2026 | 444.87 |
| Oct 2, 2026 | 443.33 |
| Oct 1, 2026 | 440.94 |
| Sep 30, 2026 | 439.69 |
| Sep 29, 2026 | 440.8 |
| Sep 28, 2026 | 442.53 |
| Sep 27, 2026 | 442.83 |
| Sep 26, 2026 | 443.16 |
| Sep 25, 2026 | 443.08 |
| Sep 24, 2026 | 445.26 |
| Sep 23, 2026 | 447.01 |
| Sep 22, 2026 | 447.99 |
| Sep 21, 2026 | 447.06 |
| Sep 20, 2026 | 446.22 |
| Sep 19, 2026 | 446.31 |
| Sep 18, 2026 | 445.92 |
| Sep 17, 2026 | 446.08 |
| Sep 16, 2026 | 447.57 |
| Sep 15, 2026 | 448.81 |
| Sep 14, 2026 | 451.18 |
| Sep 13, 2026 | 451.24 |
| Sep 12, 2026 | 451.64 |
| Sep 11, 2026 | 451.46 |
| Sep 10, 2026 | 454.3 |
| Sep 9, 2026 | 454.57 |
| Sep 8, 2026 | 454.42 |
| Sep 7, 2026 | 455.52 |
Daily references are not live execution prices. A check time does not change a source observation date.
CAPITAL MARKETS
Stock exchanges
No venue from our curated stock exchange directory is listed for this entity.
Browse the worldwide directory →Exchange directory coverage is curated and does not establish that an entity has no other trading venues.
CONTINUE YOUR RESEARCH
Official data & country reports
Research directories have their own coverage. A link is not a claim that every entity has an IMF report or a separate national statistical office.
SOURCES & DATES
Where the facts come from.
Editorial presentation by American Business Capital Group Inc. The organizations and archive links below are the underlying sources.
- Country reference
- CIA World Factbook · 2025 archive
- Archive retrieved
- Oct 6, 2026 · retrieval date, not an observation period
- Currency associations
- SIX / ISO 4217 currency registry ↗
- Rate observations
- Frankfurter / official reference providers ↗ · each observation is dated separately
- State classification
- UN member states ↗ · UN observer states ↗
- UN membership is shown separately from territory and currency coverage; inclusion is not a position on sovereignty or boundaries.
- CIA World Factbook text preserved by World Factbook Archive. Archive edition 2025; individual estimates retain their own dates. These are historical reference facts, not current observations.
About the editions. The CIA announced the end of its online World Factbook on February 4, 2026. Our historical profiles retain the archive editions shown above.
Skyhorse lists The CIA World Factbook 2026–2027, published April 7, 2026 (ISBN 9781510786042). That book’s full text has not been incorporated here; its edition title does not redate the imported archive. Archive distribution license.
Geography is a simplified reference. Displayed boundaries and entity inclusion do not express a position on sovereignty or disputed borders.