ASIA & MIDDLE EAST · COUNTRY REFERENCE
Indonesia
Written and compiled by American Business Capital Group Inc.
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ANNUAL ECONOMIC SNAPSHOT
Population & economic scale
The most recent non-empty observations returned by the World Bank when this snapshot was collected. Read the year on each card: these are annual statistics, not live measurements.
World Bank reporting entity: Indonesia · 3 of 3 indicators available.
Population
285,721,236
people
observation
Definition, value & source
Total population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship. The values shown are midyear estimates.
Received value: 285721236 people. The main card rounds for readability.
- Collected
- Oct 7, 2026
- Dataset update reported by API
- Jul 13, 2026; separate from the observation year
World Bank indicator ↗ · API record ↗
World Bank, World Development Indicators. CC BY 4.0. Underlying sources: World Population Prospects, United Nations (UN), uri: https://population.un.org/wpp/, publisher: UN Population Division; Statistical databases and publications from national statistical offices, National Statistical Offices (NSOs), uri: https://unstats.un.org/home/nso_sites/, publisher: National Statistical Offices; Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, Eurostat (ESTAT), uri: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database?node_code=earn_ses_monthly, publisher: Eurostat; Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), United Nations (UN), uri: https://unstats.un.org, publisher: UN Statistics Division
GDP
$1.45 trillion
current US$
observation
Definition, value & source
Gross domestic product is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. This indicator is expressed in United States dollars.
Received value: 1445642584163.81 current US$. The main card rounds for readability.
- Collected
- Oct 7, 2026
- Dataset update reported by API
- Jul 13, 2026; separate from the observation year
World Bank indicator ↗ · API record ↗
World Bank, World Development Indicators. CC BY 4.0. Underlying sources: Country official statistics, National Statistical Organizations and/or Central Banks; National Accounts data files, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); Staff estimates, World Bank (WB)
GDP per capita
$5,060
current US$ per person
observation
Definition, value & source
Gross domestic product is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. The core indicator has been divided by the general population to achieve a per capita estimate.This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. This indicator is expressed in United States dollars.
Received value: 5059.62596411213 current US$ per person. The main card rounds for readability.
- Collected
- Oct 7, 2026
- Dataset update reported by API
- Jul 13, 2026; separate from the observation year
World Bank indicator ↗ · API record ↗
World Bank, World Development Indicators. CC BY 4.0. Underlying sources: Country official statistics, National Statistical Organizations and/or Central Banks; National Accounts data files, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); Staff estimates, World Bank (WB)
GDP and GDP per capita use current US dollars, without an inflation or purchasing-power-parity adjustment. Source years can differ. Missing data is not zero; earlier archive figures below are retained as a separate historical reference.
THE REFERENCE FILE
Indonesia at a glance
These are historical reference facts from the 2025 World Factbook archive. Each estimate keeps its own period; an archive edition does not make every figure a measurement from that year.
Population
total: 283,587,097 (2025 est.) male: 141,778,977 female: 141,808,120
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
$4.102 trillion (2024 est.) $3.906 trillion (2023 est.) $3.718 trillion (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate)
$1.396 trillion (2024 est.) note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate
Real GDP growth rate
5% (2024 est.) 5% (2023 est.) 5.3% (2022 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
Real GDP per capita
$14,500 (2024 est.) $13,900 (2023 est.) $13,300 (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
3.7% (2023 est.) 4.2% (2022 est.) 1.6% (2021 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices
Unemployment rate
3.3% (2024 est.) 3.4% (2023 est.) 3.5% (2022 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment
Labor force
143.144 million (2024 est.) note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Public debt
45.34% of GDP (2022 est.) note: central government debt as a % of GDP
Budget
revenues: $182.658 billion (2023 est.) expenditures: $204.739 billion (2023 est.) note: central government revenues and expenditures (excluding grants and social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Current account balance
-$8.47 billion (2024 est.) -$2.042 billion (2023 est.) $13.215 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports
$300.868 billion (2024 est.) $291.287 billion (2023 est.) $315.746 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports
$279.419 billion (2024 est.) $262.694 billion (2023 est.) $273.031 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
$155.708 billion (2024 est.) $146.359 billion (2023 est.) $137.222 billion (2022 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Debt - external
$225.273 billion (2023 est.) note: present value of external debt in current US dollars
Electricity access
electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.) electrification - urban areas: 100% electrification - rural areas: 98.2%
Internet users
percent of population: 69% (2023 est.)
THE HISTORICAL REFERENCE LIBRARY
Explore the country in detail
Browse the economy, population, resources and infrastructure. These archived descriptions keep their original wording and dates; they have not been updated to describe current conditions.
32 of 32 sections
Location
Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Capital
name: Jakarta geographic coordinates: 6 10 S, 106 49 E time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) time zone note: Indonesia has three time zones etymology: derives from the Sanscrit name Jayakarta, meaning "victory and prosperity;" Prince FATILLAH conquered and renamed the city, formerly known as Sunda Kelapa, in 1527 note: in 2022, the relocation of the country s capital was approved, from Jakarta to a site on the island of Borneo between Samarinda City and the port city of Balikpapan; Nusantara ("archipelago"), the new capital, was in development as of 2024 and is expected to be completed in 2045
2022, 2024, 2045 source periods; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Economic overview
upper middle-income, largest and growing Southeast Asian economy; higher lending rates to moderate inflation; ongoing relocation of capital fueling infrastructure projects; major tourism sector prompting green economy goals
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Natural resources
petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver note: Indonesia is the World's leading producer of nickel with an output of 1.6 million mt in 2022
2022 source periods; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Agricultural products
oil palm fruit, rice, sugarcane, maize, coconuts, cassava, bananas, eggs, chicken, mangoes/guavas (2023) note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
2023 source periods; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Industries
petroleum and natural gas, textiles, automotive, electrical appliances, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, medical instruments and appliances, handicrafts, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, processed food, jewelry, and tourism
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Exports - partners
China 24%, USA 9%, India 8%, Japan 8%, Singapore 5% (2023) note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
2023 source periods; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Exports - commodities
coal, palm oil, iron alloys, lignite, garments (2023) note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
2023 source periods; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Imports - partners
China 29%, Singapore 8%, Japan 7%, USA 5%, Malaysia 5% (2023) note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
2023 source periods; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Imports - commodities
refined petroleum, crude petroleum, plastics, vehicle parts/accessories, integrated circuits (2023) note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
2023 source periods; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Climate
tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Terrain
mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Land use
agricultural land: 29.1% (2023 est.) arable land: 9.4% (2023 est.) permanent crops: 13.9% (2023 est.) permanent pasture: 5.8% (2023 est.) forest: 50.6% (2023 est.) other: 20.3% (2023 est.)
2023 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Natural hazards
occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest fires volcanism: Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world, with over 75 historically active; significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea; Merapi (2,968 m), Indonesia's most active volcano, has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; in 2018, a large explosion and flank collapse destroyed most of the island of Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau) and generated a deadly tsunami that left more than 400 dead; other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung, Awu, Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, Sinabung, and Tambora; see note 2 under "Geography - note"
2018 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Languages
Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (of which the most widely spoken is Javanese); note - more than 700 languages are used in Indonesia major-language sample(s): Fakta Dunia, sumber informasi dasar yang sangat diperlukan. (Indonesian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Religions
Muslim 87.4%, Protestant 7.5%, Roman Catholic 3.1%, Hindu 1.7%, other 0.8% (includes Buddhist and Confucian) (2022 est.)
2022 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Age structure
0-14 years: 23.8% (male 34,247,218/female 32,701,367) 15-64 years: 68.3% (male 96,268,201/female 95,961,293) 65 years and over: 8% (2024 est.) (male 10,284,628/female 12,099,758)
2024 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Urbanization
urban population: 58.6% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
2023, 2020 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Life expectancy at birth
total population: 73.6 years (2024 est.) male: 71.3 years female: 76 years
2024 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Literacy
total population: 96% (2020 est.) male: 97.4% (2020 est.) female: 94.6% (2020 est.)
2020 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Electricity
installed generating capacity: 70.826 million kW (2023 est.) consumption: 356.135 billion kWh (2023 est.) imports: 828.198 million kWh (2023 est.) transmission/distribution losses: 27.477 billion kWh (2023 est.)
2023 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Electricity generation sources
fossil fuels: 82% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) solar: 0.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) wind: 0.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) hydroelectricity: 6.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) geothermal: 4.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) biomass and waste: 6.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
2023 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Petroleum
total petroleum production: 865,000 bbl/day (2023 est.) refined petroleum consumption: 1.645 million bbl/day (2023 est.) crude oil estimated reserves: 2.48 billion barrels (2021 est.)
2023, 2021 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Natural gas
production: 58.691 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) consumption: 38.378 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) exports: 20.989 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) imports: 727.056 million cubic meters (2023 est.) proven reserves: 1.408 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)
2023, 2021 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Carbon dioxide emissions
829.655 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from coal and metallurgical coke: 527.923 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from petroleum and other liquids: 223.352 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from consumed natural gas: 78.38 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
2023 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Telephones - mobile cellular
total subscriptions: 347 million (2024 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 123 (2024 est.)
2024 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
total: 13.5 million (2023 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 5 (2023 est.)
2023 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Airports
556 (2025)
2025 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Railways
total: 8,159 km (2014) narrow gauge: 8,159 km (2014) 1.067-m gauge (565 km electrified) note: 4,816 km operational
2014 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Ports
total ports: 123 (2024) large: 3 medium: 6 small: 18 very small: 96 ports with oil terminals: 79 key ports: Belawan, Cilacap, Dumai, Jakarta, Kasim Terminal, Merak Mas Terminal, Palembang, Surabaya, Ujung Pandang
2024 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
agriculture: 12.6% (2024 est.) industry: 39.3% (2024 est.) services: 43.8% (2024 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
2024 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
Remittances
1.1% of GDP (2024 est.) 1.1% of GDP (2023 est.) 1% of GDP (2022 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
2024, 2023, 2022 dates in source text; archive edition 2025 · Archive source ↗
CURRENCY OBSERVATIONS
Money & exchange rates
The latest verified daily references are separate from the historical country profile. Values are currency units per US$1.
Rupiah
IDR per US$1
Published reference snapshot; its original observation date is preserved.
1 IDR = US$0.00005592216
17,511–17,957 IDR per US$1 across the displayed observations. The vertical scale follows this range.
View dated observations
| Observation date | IDR per US$1 |
|---|---|
| Oct 6, 2026 | 17,882 |
| Oct 5, 2026 | 17,894 |
| Oct 4, 2026 | 17,908 |
| Oct 3, 2026 | 17,910 |
| Oct 2, 2026 | 17,926 |
| Oct 1, 2026 | 17,938 |
| Sep 30, 2026 | 17,925 |
| Sep 29, 2026 | 17,957 |
| Sep 28, 2026 | 17,944 |
| Sep 27, 2026 | 17,907 |
| Sep 26, 2026 | 17,907 |
| Sep 25, 2026 | 17,905 |
| Sep 24, 2026 | 17,890 |
| Sep 23, 2026 | 17,828 |
| Sep 22, 2026 | 17,840 |
| Sep 21, 2026 | 17,813 |
| Sep 20, 2026 | 17,779 |
| Sep 19, 2026 | 17,778 |
| Sep 18, 2026 | 17,776 |
| Sep 17, 2026 | 17,742 |
| Sep 16, 2026 | 17,704 |
| Sep 15, 2026 | 17,692 |
| Sep 14, 2026 | 17,653 |
| Sep 13, 2026 | 17,613 |
| Sep 12, 2026 | 17,579 |
| Sep 11, 2026 | 17,577 |
| Sep 10, 2026 | 17,511 |
| Sep 9, 2026 | 17,517 |
| Sep 8, 2026 | 17,641 |
| Sep 7, 2026 | 17,673 |
Daily references are not live execution prices. A check time does not change a source observation date.
CAPITAL MARKETS
Stock exchanges
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SOURCES & DATES
Where the facts come from.
Editorial presentation by American Business Capital Group Inc. The organizations and archive links below are the underlying sources.
- Country reference
- CIA World Factbook · 2025 archive
- Archive retrieved
- Oct 6, 2026 · retrieval date, not an observation period
- Currency associations
- SIX / ISO 4217 currency registry ↗
- Rate observations
- Frankfurter / official reference providers ↗ · each observation is dated separately
- State classification
- UN member states ↗ · UN observer states ↗
- UN membership is shown separately from territory and currency coverage; inclusion is not a position on sovereignty or boundaries.
- CIA World Factbook text preserved by World Factbook Archive. Archive edition 2025; individual estimates retain their own dates. These are historical reference facts, not current observations.
About the editions. The CIA announced the end of its online World Factbook on February 4, 2026. Our historical profiles retain the archive editions shown above.
Skyhorse lists The CIA World Factbook 2026–2027, published April 7, 2026 (ISBN 9781510786042). That book’s full text has not been incorporated here; its edition title does not redate the imported archive. Archive distribution license.
Geography is a simplified reference. Displayed boundaries and entity inclusion do not express a position on sovereignty or disputed borders.